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More info about Tufts Education. Many practitioners and owners use and prefer topical medications as an alternative to oral or injectable products. As with any medication, there are risks, benefits, and contraindications. It is very important that label directions and recommended applications be considered when making product selection. Equally important is addressing the potential reproductive status of any animal being treated with a topical medication, as some of these products can have a negative effect on future reproductive ability.
The following topical preparations such as antibiotic preparations, antifungals zinc undecylenateantivirals, capsaicin, sunscreens, topical corticosteroids, tanning lotions, and vitamin A or E all have potential for toxicity. When using any topical preparations, the package labeling and packaging insert require investigation.
Of particular importance are the precautions and animal safety indication. The hypothalamic-pituitary axis HPA of healthy dogs can be readily suppressed with any form of glucocorticoids. Ocular, otic, and other topical products containing any glucocorticoid can be absorbed systemically and result in suppression of the HPA for weeks.
The duration of action of many glucocorticoids administered either intravenously or orally is well documented; however, this information is scarce as it relates to topical usage. In a study published in EndocrinologyBeagle dogs were administered an otic preparation containing dexamethasone for twenty-one days. The treatment resulted in a marked suppression of resting plasma concentration within the first eleven days of treatment and these remained reduced during the entire treatment up to nineteen days.
Additionally, significant increases in serum activities of alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, alanine transaminase, and aspartate transaminase were detected.
Eosinophils and lymphocytes were reduced. In this study, cortisol levels and hematologic parameters returned to baseline seven days post-treatment cessation while liver enzymes remained elevated. One of the important functions of the HPA axis is to regulate reproduction. The hypothalamus is located in the brain and secretes GnRH gonadotropin-releasing hormone. In females, follicle-stimulating hormone FSH and luteinizing hormone LH activate the ovaries to produce estrogen and inhibin.
In female dogs, the positive feedback loop between estrogen and LH help to prepare the follicle in the ovary and the uterus for ovulation and implantation. Once ovulation occurs, the ovary begins to produce progesterone to inhibit the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary, thus stopping the estrogen-LH positive feedback loop.
In males, the productions of these hormones are similar, but the effects are different. Follicle-stimulating hormone acts on Sertoli cells of the testicle to stimulate spermatogenesis. Luteinizing hormone acts on Leydig cells to stimulate steroidogenesis.
The testosterone produced works on the Sertoli cells to stimulate spermatogenesis and on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to inhibit GnRH, LH, and FSH secretion. Glucocorticoids affect both gonadotropin and gonadal function.
Administration of corticosteroids to male dogs inhibits gonadotropin secretion as evidenced by decreased circulating testosterone concentrations and testicular atrophy. Blood levels of testosterone are two to three times lower than the levels of testosterone required for sperm production. Thus you cannot give enough systemic testosterone or any other anabolic steroid to improve sperm production. Instead, any exogenous steroid including topically applied but systemically absorbed corticosteroid will interfere with the HPG axis causing a decrease in hypothalamic activity and less testosterone in the testicle itself even though libido may be enhanced.
Reproductive toxicology of the male companion animal. Small Animal Toxicology. Chapter In female dogs, the same corticosteroids can suppress the HPA access as evidenced by interruption of estrus cycle activity.
Glucocorticoid administration topically and systemically absorbed can be considered one of many xenobiotic compounds. A xenobiotic compound by definition is a pharmacologically, endocrinologically or toxicologically active substance which is not produced endogenously and is therefore foreign to an organism. The effects of these compounds can range from no effect to irreversible sterility.
Other possible outcomes included premature reproductive aging and possibly increased neoplasia. In a mature female the effects are more likely to be temporary, whereas exposure prepuberally can disrupt reproductive function either by delaying or accelerating puberty. When selecting topical preparations for use in our patients, reproductive status and potential reproductive demand should be considered.
In patients with reproductive futures, topical preparations that contain a corticosteroid with the least potency and the shortest duration of action after withdrawal should be selected. Dexamethasone, flumethasone, betamethasone and cortisone administration to dams has been associated with increased incidence of cleft palate and other congenital malformation and may induce premature labor and abortion in dogs. For topical parasiticides, it is important to read the package insert and to identify those products which have been tested safe for breeding animals.
The indications, safety and precautions areas of the package insert are the most informative portion of the insert. It has limited efficacy against several tick species but is very effective for control of heartworm, roundworm, hookworm, and fleas. While many other products may be safe even if not labeled for use in reproducing animals, the clinician recommending these products assumes any extra-label usage. Many of the oral medications prescribed for dogs and cats have not been tested for their effect on the pregnancy itself or for the effect on fetal development.
Antifungal drugs are known to be teratogenic, fluoroquinolones can inhibit cartilage formation, tetracyclines can inhibit dental enamel production, chloramphenicol can suppress bone marrow, and aminoglycosides may be neurotoxic.
As would be expected, chemotherapeutic agents can be teratogenic or induce abortion. Cimetidine can decrease androgen production, which may contribute to cryptorchidism. Exogenous hormone administration by any route may affect sexual development. Glucocorticoids may cause fetal anasarca, cleft palates and may induce abortion.
Pain medications should be used with caution - opioids are the analgesics of choice during pregnancy. The US Food and Drug Administration have developed a table which categorizes drugs into 5 categories based on the effects of each on pregnancy in women. Whenever a drug choice is made, the risk versus benefit ratio should be considered. Betamethasone dipropionate - augmented 0. Betamethasone dipropionate 0.
Fluocinolone acetonide 0. Betamethasone valerate 0. Alclometasone dipropionate 0. Frances O. Welcome, VIN Public! Search this Resource. View main page. DNA Mutations of the Cat. Development of Gastric Dilatation Volvulus. Enhance Genetic Health in Purebred Dogs.
International Collaboration in Dog Breeding. The Domestic Dog. Understanding Genetics. Inherited Dermatologic Conditions. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. Breeding Management.
Selection Program for Working Behaviour. Breeding Dogs in Sweden. DNA Tests. Genetic Health Improvement. Medications in Breeding Animals. Cats of Madagascar. Feline Interspecies Hybrids. Genetic Consequences of Breed Formation.
Domestication and Artificial Selection. Variants in Domestic Cat Genome. Genetic Disorders. Primary Glaucoma in Dogs. Genetics of Gastric Dilatation and Volvulus. Two New Genetic Disorders Mapped. Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome in Burmese Cats. Bardet-Biedl Syndrome in Hungarian Puli. Canine Cone Rod Dystrophy.
Canine Genome Assembly Correction. Breeds vs. Natural Populations. Muscular Dystrophy in Norfolk Terrier Dog. Diabetes Mellitus in Burmese Cats. Oriental Shorthair Congenital Hydrocephalus. Back to Breeding Management Breeding Management. What's on Top or Is It? Potency of topical corticosteroids Class Generic name Very high potency I Betamethasone dipropionate - augmented 0.
- Betamethasone valerate cats
Getting prescription medications can be a real hassle, especially when the medicine you need is for your dog or cat. Qualified clinics stock several common Rx medications for ongoing skin and ear conditions, as well as major-brand flea protection. Just bring along a copy of your current prescription and we'll get you refilled at a great price. While our other prescription medications for dog and cats are only available with a pre-written prescription, our major-brand flea protection meds include the necessary vet exam and prescription-writing.
Just bring your pet with you, of course, and our staff veterinarian will perform the exam while you wait. Below is an overview of the canine Rx medications we offer and what conditions they treat.
Apoquel is an oral tablet that works differently than other allergy medications. It goes straight to the source to help relieve itch and inflammation at its core—addressing the underlying cause of irritation and soothing allergic reactions. It starts to relieve those unpleasant symptoms within 4 hours, and effectively controls itching within Apoquel is ideal for both short or long-term treatment and can help to offer relief without many of the side effects associated with steroids.
Apoquel is indicated for the relief of itching and inflammation caused by allergic skin disease atopy, atopic dermatitis in dogs 12 months of age or older. Apoquel has not been tested in dogs receiving medications commonly used to treat skin conditions such as glucocorticoids, cyclosporines, and other systemic immunosuppressive agents. Do not use Apoquel in dogs less than 12 months of age or those with serious infections.
It may increase the chances of developing serious infections and may cause existing parasitic skin infestations or pre-existing cancers to get worse. Apoquel has not been tested in dogs receiving some medications including some commonly used to treat skin conditions such as corticosteroids and cyclosporyne. It is not for use in breeding dogs or pregnant or lactating females. Cytopoint is a safe, effective, long-lasting treatment for chronic itch due to allergic or atopic dermatitis.
It is an injection that is given by your veterinarian that targets itch at its source. Blocking signals that trigger itch, the constant scratching can stop, and red, irritated skin can heal.
In fact, in a study, Cytopoint helped damaged skin begin to heal within 7 days. Just one Cytopoint injection starts controlling itch within a day and provides relief that lasts for 4 to 8 weeks.
Cytopoint can be used in dogs of all ages, including those less than 12 months of age. It can also be used in dogs with co-morbidities, and it does not have any known drug interactions. Cytopoint does not interfere with any diagnostic testing, so it can be used concurrently with various types of diagnostic testing or laboratory monitoring. Mometamax Otic Suspension is used for the treatment of canine otitis externa in dogs caused by susceptible strains of yeast and bacteria.
Mometamax Otic Suspension has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antifungal activity. Each gram of Mometamax Otic Suspension contains gentamicin sulfate, USP equivalent to 3 mg gentamicin base; mometasone furoate monohydrate equivalent to 1 mg mometasone; and 10 mg clotrimazole, USP in a mineral oil-based system containing a plasticized hydrocarbon gel. The external ear canal should be thoroughly cleaned and dried before treatment. Mometomax Otic Suspension is indicated for the treatment of otitis externa in dogs caused by susceptible strains of yeast Malassezia pachydermatis and bacteria Pseudomonas spp.
By virtue of its four active ingredients, Entederm ointment provides four basic therapeutic effects: anti-inflammatory, antipruritic, antifungal and antibacterial.
Triamcinolone acetonide is a potent synthetic corticosteroid providing rapid and prolonged symptomatic relief on topical administration. Inflammation, edema and pruritus promptly subside and lesions are permitted to heal. Nystatin is the first well tolerated anti-fungal antibiotic of dependable efficacy for the treatment of cutaneous infections caused by Candida albicans monilia. Nystatin is fungistatic in vitro against a variety of yeast and yeast-like fungi including many fungi pathogenic to animals.
No appreciable activity is exhibited against bacteria. Thiostrepton has a high order of activity against gram-positive organisms, including many which are resistant to other antibiotics; neomycin exerts antimicrobial action against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Together they provide comprehensive therapy against those organisms responsible for most superficial bacterial infections. In addition, it is indicated as superficial dressing applied to minor cuts, wounds, lacerations, abrasions, and for post-surgical application where reduction of pain and inflammatory response is deemed desirable.
Neo-Predef with Tetracaine Powder may be used as a dusting powder following amputation of tails, claws, and dew-claws; following ear trimming and castrating; and following such surgical procedure as ovariohysterectomies. Applied superficially, it has been used successfully in the treatment of acute otitis externa in dogs, acute moist dermatitis and interdigital dermatitis in the dog, and as a dusting powder to various minor cuts, lacerations, and abrasions in the horse, cat and dog.
Triple Antibiotic Eye Ointment gives your dog or cat fast effective relief from bacterial eye infections that cause swelling and pain. Treats eye infections due to a range of bacteria Reduces swelling and pain For dogs and cats.
Cats and dogs can easily pick up bacteria that cause painful, swelling infections in the cornea, the clear part of the eye, or the conjunctiva, the pink parts around the eyelids. The ointment contains the active ingredients neomycin, bacitracin zinc and polymyxin B sulfate that work in combination to reduce swelling and discomfort.
Epic-Otic neutralizes bad ear odors so ears smell better. And it has a neutral pH, so it's gentle enough for frequent use and well tolerated by sensitive skin. Epi-Otic's cleansing action helps emulsify and remove wax while its keratolytic formula helps remove dead skin cells and debris.
It also has a drying action that discourages the moist conditions that can cause irritation. Innovative glycotechnology reduces the ability of microorganisms to bind to the skin and reduces the release of inflammatory mediators.
A well-tolerated, efficient ear cleanser that facilitates the removal of cellular debris and excessive wax, as well as the drying of the ear canal. The inclusion of monosaccharides has a soothing effect anti-irritant , as well as, limiting the bonding of microorganisms anti-adhesive to the skin surface. Gentamicin, a broad-spectrum antibiotic, is a highly effective topical treatment for bacterial infections of the skin.
In vitro, gentamicin is bactericidal against a wide variety of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria isolated from domestic animals. Specifically, gentamicin is active against the following organisms isolated from canine skin: Alcaligenes sp. Betamethasone valerate emerged from intensive research as the most promising of some 50 newly synthesized corticosteroids in the experimental model described by McKenzie 3 , et al.
This human bioassay technique has been found reliable for evaluating the vasoconstrictor properties of new topical corticosteroids and is useful in predicting clinical efficacy. Betamethasone valerate in veterinary medicine has been shown to provide anti-inflammatory and antipruritic activity in the topical management of corticosteroid-responsive infected superficial lesions in dogs.
Qualified clinics stock top-brand rx flea protection solutions at fantastic prices. No existing prescription is required. Just bring your dog or cat and we'll handle the rest. Below is an overview of the feline Rx medications we offer and what conditions they treat. Home » Services » Prescription Medications. Prescription Medications for Dogs and Cats.
Rx medications that we offer include:. Flea, tick and other parasite protection does not require an existing prescription While our other prescription medications for dog and cats are only available with a pre-written prescription, our major-brand flea protection meds include the necessary vet exam and prescription-writing.
More about our prescription dog medications Below is an overview of the canine Rx medications we offer and what conditions they treat. Dogs taking Apoquel should be monitored for the development of infections. Treats eye infections due to a range of bacteria Reduces swelling and pain For dogs and cats Cats and dogs can easily pick up bacteria that cause painful, swelling infections in the cornea, the clear part of the eye, or the conjunctiva, the pink parts around the eyelids.
Innovative glycotechnology reduces the ability of microorganisms to bind to the skin and reduces the release of inflammatory mediators A well-tolerated, efficient ear cleanser that facilitates the removal of cellular debris and excessive wax, as well as the drying of the ear canal.
Prescription not required. Rx Flea Protection Plus Qualified clinics stock top-brand rx flea protection solutions at fantastic prices. Learn More. More about our prescription cat medications Below is an overview of the feline Rx medications we offer and what conditions they treat.
❾-50%}Otomax Otic Ointment | Merck Animal Health USA.
Innovative glycotechnology reduces the ability of microorganisms to bind to the skin and reduces the release of inflammatory mediators. A well-tolerated, efficient ear cleanser that facilitates the removal of cellular debris and excessive wax, as well as the drying of the ear canal.
The inclusion of monosaccharides has a soothing effect anti-irritant , as well as, limiting the bonding of microorganisms anti-adhesive to the skin surface. Gentamicin, a broad-spectrum antibiotic, is a highly effective topical treatment for bacterial infections of the skin. In vitro, gentamicin is bactericidal against a wide variety of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria isolated from domestic animals.
Specifically, gentamicin is active against the following organisms isolated from canine skin: Alcaligenes sp. Betamethasone valerate emerged from intensive research as the most promising of some 50 newly synthesized corticosteroids in the experimental model described by McKenzie 3 , et al.
This human bioassay technique has been found reliable for evaluating the vasoconstrictor properties of new topical corticosteroids and is useful in predicting clinical efficacy. Betamethasone valerate in veterinary medicine has been shown to provide anti-inflammatory and antipruritic activity in the topical management of corticosteroid-responsive infected superficial lesions in dogs.
Qualified clinics stock top-brand rx flea protection solutions at fantastic prices. No existing prescription is required. Just bring your dog or cat and we'll handle the rest. Below is an overview of the feline Rx medications we offer and what conditions they treat. Home » Services » Prescription Medications.
Prescription Medications for Dogs and Cats. Rx medications that we offer include:. Flea, tick and other parasite protection does not require an existing prescription While our other prescription medications for dog and cats are only available with a pre-written prescription, our major-brand flea protection meds include the necessary vet exam and prescription-writing. More about our prescription dog medications Below is an overview of the canine Rx medications we offer and what conditions they treat.
Dogs taking Apoquel should be monitored for the development of infections. Treats eye infections due to a range of bacteria Reduces swelling and pain For dogs and cats Cats and dogs can easily pick up bacteria that cause painful, swelling infections in the cornea, the clear part of the eye, or the conjunctiva, the pink parts around the eyelids.
Innovative glycotechnology reduces the ability of microorganisms to bind to the skin and reduces the release of inflammatory mediators A well-tolerated, efficient ear cleanser that facilitates the removal of cellular debris and excessive wax, as well as the drying of the ear canal.
Prescription not required. Rx Flea Protection Plus Qualified clinics stock top-brand rx flea protection solutions at fantastic prices. Learn More. For these reasons, I prefer to use a prescription novel protein or hydrolyzed protein diet during the dietary trial. It is important to realize that neither intradermal skin testing nor IgE serology is used to diagnose atopy. Rather, diagnosis is determined by clinical history and ruling out other causes of pruritus.
Specific allergen testing identifies environmental allergens that are best suited for inclusion in allergen-specific immunotherapy ASIT injections. The goal of hyposensitization is to, over time, decrease the severity of hypersensitivity reactions to specific environmental allergens Figures 3 through 5.
Figure 3. Brandi, 3-year-old spayed female domestic shorthair, with a 6 month history of persistent head and neck pruritus. There was no improvement in pruritus after parasite control and week dietary elimination trial. Figure 4. Intradermal skin test performed on Brandi. Figure 5. Some of the symptomatic therapies used in dogs, such as frequent cool water baths, menthol, and witch hazel sprays, are not well tolerated by their feline counterparts.
In addition, prolonged use of topical corticosteroids, such as betamethasone, triamcinolone, and dexamethasone, can lead to severe adverse effects, including permanent skin thinning and fragility. Antihistamines alone may be useful for mild pruritus particularly atopy , but are most useful as part of combination therapy, such as use with fatty acids, to reduce the amount of corticosteroid required.
As in humans, failure to respond to one antihistamine does not mean the patient will not respond to another one.
It may be necessary to formulate an antihistamine trial, in which the owner tries different antihistamines for 2 weeks each in order to find one that may provide some relief. Antihistamines are quite safe with minimal side effects. However, although rare, there are documented cases of urinary retention in cats receiving antihistamines.
Corticosteroids are often the most effective method of providing immediate relief from pruritic signs. The key is to use the least amount needed to provide relief for the shortest period of time.
Long-term corticosteroid use can have significant adverse effects in cats, including increased risk for diabetes and cutaneous skin fragility syndrome.
Cats lack the enzymes to consistently convert prednisone to its metabolically active form, prednisolone. Therefore, always use prednisolone or methylprednisolone, specifically, in cats.
Although oral triamcinolone and dexamethasone are acceptable for short-term use in cats, a recent study supports that dexamethasone had higher diabetogenic effects compared to prednisolone.
Cyclosporine has multiple mechanisms of action, ranging from inhibiting T-cell activation; histamine release; cytokine production; and eosinophil migration, survival, and degranulation. Although cyclosporine has not been rigorously evaluated for long-term use in cats for the treatment of allergic skin disease, it appears to be a safe and attractive option for owners who:.
Cyclosporine therapy has also become a more attractive option for owners due to the introduction of feline Atopica ah. The liquid formulation provides ease of administration and flexibility in dosing, and it may be administered with food. Because fatal systemic toxoplasmosis has been reported, 7 avoid cyclosporine use in cats with high risk for toxoplasmosis eg, cats that hunt. Contraindications for use include demodicosis, neoplasia, dermatophytosis, and systemic fungal infection. Immunotherapy, also referred to as hyposensitization therapy or allergy vaccine, refers to a mix of allergens administered via subcutaneous injection or sublingual drops, in progressively increasing doses.
In a mature female the effects are more likely to be temporary, whereas exposure prepuberally can disrupt reproductive function either by delaying or accelerating puberty.
When selecting topical preparations for use in our patients, reproductive status and potential reproductive demand should be considered. In patients with reproductive futures, topical preparations that contain a corticosteroid with the least potency and the shortest duration of action after withdrawal should be selected.
Dexamethasone, flumethasone, betamethasone and cortisone administration to dams has been associated with increased incidence of cleft palate and other congenital malformation and may induce premature labor and abortion in dogs.
For topical parasiticides, it is important to read the package insert and to identify those products which have been tested safe for breeding animals.
The indications, safety and precautions areas of the package insert are the most informative portion of the insert. It has limited efficacy against several tick species but is very effective for control of heartworm, roundworm, hookworm, and fleas. While many other products may be safe even if not labeled for use in reproducing animals, the clinician recommending these products assumes any extra-label usage.
Many of the oral medications prescribed for dogs and cats have not been tested for their effect on the pregnancy itself or for the effect on fetal development. Antifungal drugs are known to be teratogenic, fluoroquinolones can inhibit cartilage formation, tetracyclines can inhibit dental enamel production, chloramphenicol can suppress bone marrow, and aminoglycosides may be neurotoxic.
As would be expected, chemotherapeutic agents can be teratogenic or induce abortion. Cimetidine can decrease androgen production, which may contribute to cryptorchidism. Exogenous hormone administration by any route may affect sexual development. Glucocorticoids may cause fetal anasarca, cleft palates and may induce abortion. Pain medications should be used with caution - opioids are the analgesics of choice during pregnancy.
The US Food and Drug Administration have developed a table which categorizes drugs into 5 categories based on the effects of each on pregnancy in women. Whenever a drug choice is made, the risk versus benefit ratio should be considered. Betamethasone dipropionate - augmented 0. Betamethasone dipropionate 0. Fluocinolone acetonide 0. Betamethasone valerate 0. Alclometasone dipropionate 0. Frances O. Welcome, VIN Public! Search this Resource.
View main page. DNA Mutations of the Cat. Development of Gastric Dilatation Volvulus. Enhance Genetic Health in Purebred Dogs. International Collaboration in Dog Breeding. The Domestic Dog. Understanding Genetics. Inherited Dermatologic Conditions. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. Breeding Management.
The goal of this article is to provide tools to use in everyday practice, specific disease components to recognize, and tips to help identify the right diagnosis when we are faced with feline dermatologic challenges.
But what about cats whose only clinical evidence is alopecia, and whose owners never witness them grooming? For these cats, the best plan is to approach the case similarly to the way you would approach a case of feline pruritus, even if the pruritus itself is not the primary presenting complaint. In many feline pruritus cases, the causes can be broken down into a few categories. Feline eosinophilic granuloma complex EGC is a dermatologic term used to describe a reaction pattern in cats—clinical and histologic lesions suggestive of underlying allergic skin disease.
EGC consists of indolent ulcers rodent ulcerseosinophilic plaques, or eosinophilic granulomas. Psychogenic alopecia is frequently misdiagnosed because the diagnosis is based solely on the clinical appearance of the cat symmetrical alopecia with no visible signs of erythema, papules, pustules, or scale.
However, remember that excessive grooming is more often a result of pruritus than an obsessive-compulsive disorder. In a recent study, 21 adult cats with a presumptive diagnosis of psychogenic alopecia were referred to a behavioral service. Therefore, psychogenic alopecia is a diagnosis of exclusion, which should only be considered after all other causes of pruritus have been eliminated.
Figure 1. Buster, a year-old neutered male domestic shorthair, with a 4-month history of intense pruritus. Buster was 1 of 9 cats in the household. Five months prior to presentation, a new cat from a shelter had been introduced into the home.
See Figure 2 for diagnosis. Begin with diagnostic tests that will rule out both external and internal parasites and, thus, decrease the need for other tests Figure 2 :. Combing fleas, lice, and Cheyletiella mites 2. Ear swabs Otodectes mites 3. Acetate tape preps Cheyletiella mites 4.
Skin scrapings Demodex gatoi, Cheyletiellaand Notoedres mites 5. Fecal examination via centrifugation Demodex gatoi mites 6. Figure 2. Skin scrapings from Buster revealed Demodex gatoi. Superficial skin scrapings are needed for the identification of Demodex gatoiCheyletiellaand Notoedres mites because these mites reside on the surface or superficial layers of the skin.
Remind owners that the absence of parasites during initial examination and diagnostics does not eliminate them from the differential list.
See Table 1 for a list of products to use for parasite elimination. A strict dietary elimination trial for cats consists of providing a novel protein, hydrolyzed protein, or home-cooked diet exclusively for 10 to 12 weeks.
Educate the owner to:. Food trials are not truly complete until the cat has been challenged with the previous food and the clinical signs recur. Home-cooked diets limit the chance of contamination with other proteins or additives. However, there are several factors that make home-cooked diets less than desirable:.
For these reasons, I prefer to use a prescription novel protein or hydrolyzed protein diet during the dietary trial. It is important to realize that neither intradermal skin testing nor IgE serology is used to diagnose atopy.
Rather, diagnosis is determined by clinical history and ruling out other causes of pruritus. Specific allergen testing identifies environmental allergens that are best suited for inclusion in allergen-specific immunotherapy ASIT injections. The goal of hyposensitization is to, over time, decrease the severity of hypersensitivity reactions to specific environmental allergens Figures 3 through 5.
Figure 3. Brandi, 3-year-old spayed female domestic shorthair, with a 6 month history of persistent head and neck pruritus. There was no improvement in pruritus after parasite control and week dietary elimination trial. Figure 4. Intradermal skin test performed on Brandi.
Figure 5. Some of the symptomatic therapies used in dogs, such as frequent cool water baths, menthol, and witch hazel sprays, are not well tolerated by their feline counterparts.
In addition, prolonged use of topical corticosteroids, such as betamethasone, triamcinolone, and dexamethasone, can lead to severe adverse effects, including permanent skin thinning and fragility. Antihistamines alone may be useful for mild pruritus particularly atopybut are most useful as part of combination therapy, such as use with fatty acids, to reduce the amount of corticosteroid required.
As in humans, failure to respond to one antihistamine does not mean the patient will not respond to another one. It may be necessary to formulate an antihistamine trial, in which the owner tries different antihistamines for 2 weeks each in order to find one that may provide some relief. Antihistamines are quite safe with minimal side effects. However, although rare, there are documented cases of urinary retention in cats receiving antihistamines.
Corticosteroids are often the most effective method of providing immediate relief from pruritic signs. The key is to use the least amount needed to provide relief for the shortest period of time. Long-term corticosteroid use can have significant adverse effects in cats, including increased risk for diabetes and cutaneous skin fragility syndrome. Cats lack the enzymes to consistently convert prednisone to its metabolically active form, prednisolone. Therefore, always use prednisolone or methylprednisolone, specifically, in cats.
Although oral triamcinolone and dexamethasone are acceptable for short-term use in cats, a recent study supports that dexamethasone had higher diabetogenic effects compared to prednisolone.
Cyclosporine has multiple mechanisms of action, ranging from inhibiting T-cell activation; histamine release; cytokine production; and eosinophil migration, survival, and degranulation. Although cyclosporine has not been rigorously evaluated for long-term use in cats for the treatment of allergic skin disease, it appears to be a safe and attractive option for owners who:. Cyclosporine therapy has also become a more attractive option for owners due to the introduction of feline Atopica ah.
The liquid formulation provides ease of administration and flexibility in dosing, and it may be administered with food. Because fatal systemic toxoplasmosis has been reported, 7 avoid cyclosporine use in cats with high risk for toxoplasmosis eg, cats that hunt.
Contraindications for use include demodicosis, neoplasia, dermatophytosis, and systemic fungal infection. Immunotherapy, also referred to as hyposensitization therapy or allergy vaccine, refers to a mix of allergens administered via subcutaneous injection or sublingual drops, in progressively increasing doses. Identifying the underlying cause of pruritus via a thorough history, recognition of clinical signs, and appropriate diagnostics is crucial to implementing a successful long-term treatment regimen for the feline patient.
Successful management of an atopic cat often requires a multimodal approach: Some therapies are long-term ASITwhile others are used to treat acute flare-ups glucocorticoids or address secondary bacterial or superficial fungal infections. Systemic therapy is often combined with topical therapy for the best outcome.
In addition, she is active in volunteer work and organized veterinary medicine. Peer Reviewed. Cats Are Not Dogs Some of the symptomatic therapies used in dogs, such as frequent cool water baths, menthol, and witch hazel sprays, are not well tolerated by their feline counterparts. Key Points on Immunotherapy Immunotherapy, also referred to as hyposensitization therapy or allergy vaccine, refers to a mix of allergens administered via subcutaneous injection or sublingual drops, in progressively increasing doses.
Time required to see a response to ASIT varies between individual patients: Some cats show a positive response in a few months, whereas others require several months. In general, owners are advised to continue ASIT for a full year before completely assessing benefits of therapy.
Follow-up, client education, and compliance are critical to achieving maximum success. Owners should be taught to recognize patterns and levels of pruritus, as well as adverse reactions.
Adverse reactions are typically mild and uncommon, but can include intensification of clinical signs for a few hours or days post injection, local reactions at the injection site, or rarely, anaphylaxis. Escalation in pruritus may indicate that the atopic cat has reached its maximum tolerance dose of antigen.
Underlying medical conditions in cats with presumptive psychogenic alopecia. JAVMA ; 11 Beale K. Feline demodicosis: A consideration in the itchy or overgrooming cat. J Fel Med Surg ; 14 3 Clomipramine-induced urinary retention in a cat.
Can Vet J ; Antihistamines in the management of allergic pruritus in dogs and cats. J Small Anim Pract ; Ferasin L. Iatrogenic hyperadrenocorticism in a cat following a short therapeutic course of methylprednisolone acetate. J Fel Med Surg ; 3 2 A pilot study comparing the diabetogenic effects of dexamethasone and prednisolone in cats.
JAAHA ; 45 5 A case of fatal systemic toxoplasmosis in a cat being treated with cyclosporine A for feline atopy. Vet Dermatol ; 15 3 Feline immunotherapy.
Clin Tech Small Anim Pract ; 21 3 Start My Subscription.
In general, betamethasone is safe to use in cats, however without a physical exam we cannot say it would be appropriate to use in this situation. Betamethasone dipropionate is an adrenocorticosteroid hormone found to be effective in the treatment of itchy rashes and other inflammatory skin conditions. used in dogs and cats for the topical betamethasone valerate otic solu- tion. (a) Specifications. gentamicin base and betamethasone valerate. GenOne contains an antibiotic, gentamicin, and a steroid, betamethasone valerate. Why do cats and dogs use GenOne? GenOne is prescribed to help kill certain. Betamethasone valerate neomycin sulfate ointment for cats. Betamethasone creams are a topical form of betamethasone and is now fda-approved. Apoquel is indicated for the relief of itching and inflammation caused by allergic skin disease atopy, atopic dermatitis in dogs 12 months of age or older. Skin scrapings Demodex gatoi, Cheyletiellaand Notoedres mites 5. In addition, it is indicated as superficial dressing applied to minor cuts, wounds, lacerations, abrasions, and for post-surgical application where reduction of pain and inflammatory response is deemed desirable. Can Vet J ;Animal Safety : No data is composed on the effects of benzoyl would on the fetus. Safety in humans : Adequate and well-controlled complications in humans are not known.
Its administration is only practiced if there are no longer therapeutic alternatives, and the tickets outweigh the surgical risks. Effects on Payment : No pic studies have been conducted in las.
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